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Anaesthesia

Induction

The airway ladder

Every airway plan is a stated sequence, declared before induction: plan A, plan B, plan C, plan D. The purpose is to move on early rather than repeat a failing attempt.

Plan A, tracheal intubation

A maximum of three attempts plus one by a more experienced colleague. Each attempt should change something: position, blade, bougie, external laryngeal manipulation, or the operator. Repeating the identical attempt is how airway trauma and oedema are created.

Plan B, the supraglottic airway

A second-generation supraglottic device with a gastric port. Up to three attempts, and if it works, stop and think: wake the patient, proceed on the device, or intubate through it with a fibrescope. This is a moment for a decision, not a moment to keep pushing.

Plan C, face mask ventilation and wake up

Final attempt at face mask ventilation with an oral airway, two hands and two people, full relaxation. If oxygenation is achievable, waking the patient is nearly always the right answer.

Plan D, front of neck access

Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate. Declare it out loud, because the words change the room's behaviour. Scalpel, bougie, tube through the cricothyroid membrane. The commonest reason this fails is that it was started too late.

Watch it done